| The long-term effects of moderate CR with adequate intake of nutrients on humans are still unknown.[18] However, severe or extreme CR may result in serious deleterious effects, as it has been shown in the “Minnesota Starvation Experiment”.[19] This study was conducted during World War II on a group of lean men (they were conscientious objectors), who restricted their calorie intake by 45% for 6 months.[19] As expected, this severe degree of CR resulted in many positive metabolic adaptations (e.g. decreased body fat, blood pressure, improved lipid profile, low serum T3 concentration, and decreased resting heart rate and whole-body resting energy expenditure), but also caused a wide range of negative effects, such as anemia, lower extremity edema, muscle wasting, weakness, neurological deficits, dizziness, irritability, lethargy, and depression.[19] |
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