| Calorie restriction preserves muscle tissue in nonhuman primates[25][26] and rodents.[27][28] Mechanisms include reduced muscle cell apoptosis and inflammation;[27] protection against[28] or adaptation to[25] age-related mitochondrial abnormalities; and preserved muscle stem cell function.[118] Muscle tissue grows when stimulated, so it has been suggested that the calorie-restricted test animals exercised more than their companions on higher calories, perhaps because animals enter a foraging state during calorie restriction. However, studies show that overall activity levels are no higher in CR than AL animals in youth,[63] while CR animals are more active at middle age and beyond due to a protective effect against the decline in activity observed in middle-aged and older animals.[64] |
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