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Stimulants are often seen as smart drugs, but may be more accurately termed productivity enhancers. These typically improve concentration and a few areas of cognitive performance, but only while the drug is still in the blood at therapeutic concentrations. Some scientists recommend widespread use of stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines by the general population to increase brain power.[8][34] Amphetamines Amphetamine (Adderall, Dexedrine)—TA1 agonist and consequently a catecholamine releasing agent Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)—dextroamphetamine prodrug Adrenergics Dimethylamylamine—adrenergic Atomoxetine—norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; uncompetitive NMDA antagonist; clinically used in the treatment of ADHD Reboxetine—Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; approved in Europe for clinical depression but may also be used off-label to treat ADHD Synephrine—endogenous trace amine found in significant concentrations in the Bitter orange;agonist at α1 adrenergic receptors Cholinergics Arecoline—nicotinic agonist and partial agonist at muscarinic receptors M1-4[35][36][37] Nicotine A meta-analysis of 41 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies concluded that nicotine or smoking had significant positive effects on fine motor, alerting attention-accuracy and response time (RT), orienting attention-RT, short-term episodic memory-accuracy, and working memory-RT.[38] Eugeroics ("Wakefulness Enhancers")—unproven primary mechanisms but proven efficacy as a Nootropic Adrafinil Armodafinil Modafinil CRL-40,941 Stronger than both adrafinil and modafinil. Never marketed. Xanthines—reduces fatigue perception via adenosine receptor antagonism. Caffeine—shown to increase alertness, performance, and in some studies, memory.[39] Children and adults who consume low doses of caffeine showed increase alertness, yet a higher dose was needed to improve performance.[40] Paraxanthine Theobromine Theophylline. |
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