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Cholinergics are substances that affect the neurotransmitter acetylcholine or the components of the nervous system that use acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a facilitator of memory formation. Increasing the availability of this neurotransmitter in the brain may improve these functions. Cholinergic nootropics include acetylcholine precursors and cofactors, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Precursors Choline—precursor of acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine DMAE—precursor of acetylcholine;Template:Medial citation needed appears promising in treating ADHD, though results are inconclusive[41] Meclofenoxate—probable precursor of acetylcholine, approved for Dementia and Alzheimer's Alpha-GPC Cofactors Acetylcarnitine—amino acid that functions in acetylcholine production by donating the acetyl portion to the acetylcholine molecule Vitamin B5—cofactor in the conversion of choline into acetylcholine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Galantamine—also allosterically modulates certain nicotinic receptors to facilitate acetylcholine release[42] Ipidacrine (Neiromidin) is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used in memory disorders of different origins. Lycoris radiata (Red Spider Lily)—natural source for galantamine Huperzine A—also shown to act as an NMDA antagonist and appears to increase nerve growth factor levels in rats[43] Donepezil Rosemary Sage Celastrus paniculatus cannabis Due to its AChE-inhibiting properties, Cannabis appears to increase acetylcholine levels and therefore studies suggest it as a treatment for Alzheimer's.[44] Anxiolytic and analgesic found in cannabis. Neuroprotectant, possible Alzheimer's prevention and possible neurogenesis inducer.[45] Possible neurotoxic effects of a notable constituent, THC, have been documented[46] Reuptake inhibitors and enhancers Coluracetam— Increases high affinity choline uptake[47] Piracetam— Increases high affinity choline uptake[48] Oxiracetam— Increases high affinity choline uptake[48] Pramiiracetam— Increases high affinity choline uptake[49] Sulbutiamine— Increases high affinity choline uptake[50] Ginsenosides Agonists AR-R17779 Arecoline GTS-21 Ispronicline Nicotine PHA-543,613 PHA-709,829 SSR-180,711 WAY-317,538 |
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