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Classical period (500 BC - 323 BC). 480 Leonidas, Spartan, sacrifices 300 Spartan soldiers at the Battle of Thermopylae so main force can escape; Xerxes son of Darius is commanding the Persians. 480 Simultaneous with Thermopylae, the Greeks and Persians fight to a draw in the naval Battle of Artemisium. 480 Battle of Salamis - Themistocles, Athenian general, lures Persians into Bay of Salamis, Xerxes loses and goes home, leaves behind Mardonius. 479 Pausanias, Greek general routs Mardonius at the Battle of Plataea. 479 Battle of Mycale frees Greek colonies in Asia. After the Battle of Salamis, Athens initiated the Delian League, with treasury initially on island of Delos, a confederacy of cities around the Aegean Sea. It was intended as a military defense association against Persia but became controlled by the Athenians, who collected tribute and decided policy. Sparta formed rival Peloponnesian League. 476-462 Cimon elected general each year, he was victorious over Persia and then enforced military power on Delian League. 474 Pindar, Greek poet relocates to Thebes (in Greece) from court at Syracuse. 471 Themistocles ostracized. 468 Sophocles, Greek playwright, defeats Aeschylus for Athenian Prize for drama. 461 Cimon ostracized. 457 Pericles, Athenian statesman begins Golden Age, he was taught by Anaxagoras, who believed in dualistic Universe and atoms. 456 Aeschylus dies. 449 Herodotus, Greek Historian, writes History of Greco-Persian War from 490-479. 448 Ictinus and Callicrates, Greek architects rebuild Acropolis from Persian destruction. 441 Euripides, Greek playwright, wins Athenian prize. 440 Heraclitus, Greek philosopher, teaches that everything is mutable. 435 Phidias, Greek sculptor, completes statue of Zeus at Elis, 1 of 7 wonders of the world. 433 Corinth, Sparta, Megara and Aegina ally against Corfu, Athens, Rhegium, and Leontini. 432 End of "Golden Age", Athens under Pericles blockades Potidaea (Battle of Potidaea), Corfu declares war on Corinth (Battle of Sybota). 431 Sparta commanded by King Archidamus II prepares to destroy Athens thus starting the Peloponnesian War. 431 Empedocles, Greek doctor, believes body has Four Temperaments. 430 Failed peace mission by Athens, bubonic plague year, Sparta takes no prisoners. 430 Leucippus, Greek philosopher, believes every natural event has natural cause. Athenian Plague begins in Athens. 429 Phormio, Athenian admiral, wins the Battle of Chalcis. 429 Pericles dies of Athenian Plague, possibly typhus or bubonic plague. 429 Hippocrates, Greek doctor, believes diseases have physical cause. 428 Plato born. 428 Mytilene rebels, chief city of Lesbos. 427 Archidamus II dies, Alcidas, Greek admiral sent to help Lesbos, raids Ionia and flees after seeing Athenian might. Athenian Plague returns. 427 Mytilene surrenders to Athens, Plataeans surrender to Athens. 427 Aristophanes, Greek playwright, wins Athenian Prize. 426 Corfu secures island for Athens. 426 Demosthenes, Athenian general, and Cleon, Athenian demagogue, revitalizes Athenian forces, makes bold plans opposed by Nicias, his first military campaign barely succeeds. 425 Athenian fleet bottles up Spartan navy at Navarino Bay, Nicias resigns. 424 Syracuse sends Athenians home. 424 Pagondas of Thebes (in Greece) crushes Athenian army at the Battle of Delium, Brasidas a Spartan general makes a successful campaign, Cleon exiles Thucydides for 20 years for arriving late. 423 Truce of Laches supposed to stop Brasidas but doesn't, Nicias commands Athenian forces in retaking Mende. 422 Cleon meets Brasidas outside of Amphipolis, both are killed (Battle of Amphipolis). 421 Peace of Nicias brings temporary end to war, but Alcibiades, a nephew of Pericles, makes anti-Sparta alliance. 420 Quadruple alliance of Athens, Argos, Mantinea, and Elis confronts Spartan-Boeotian alliance. 419 King Agis II of Sparta attacks Argos, makes treaty. 418 Battle of Mantinea, greatest land battle of war, gives Sparta victory over Argos, which violated treaty, Alcibiades thrown out, alliance ended. 416 Alcibiades makes plans, is restored to power. 416 Massacre of the Melians. 415 Hermai statues are mutilated in Athens, Alcibiades accused, asks for inquiry, told to set sail for battle (Sicilian Expedition), is condemned to death in absentia, he defects to Sparta. 414 Lamachus, Athenian commander killed at Syracuse. 413 Nicias and Demosthenes killed at Syracuse. 412 Alcibiades is expelled from Sparta, conspires to come back to Athens. 411 Democracy ends in Athens by Antiphon, Peisander, and Phrynichus (oligarch), overthrown by Theramenes, Constitution of the 5000, Athenian navy recalls Alcibiades, confirmed by Athenians. 410 After several successes, Athenian demagogue Cleophon rejects Spartan peace offers. 409 Byzantium recaptured by Alcibiades for Athens. 408 Alcibiades reenters Athens in triumph, Lysander, a Spartan commander, has fleet built at Ephesus. 407 Lysander begins destruction of Athenian fleet, Alcibiades stripped of power. 406 Callicratides, Spartan naval commander, loses Battle of Arginusae over blockade of Mitylene harbor, Sparta sues for peace, rejected by Cleophon. 405 Lysander captures Athenian fleet, Spartan king Pausanias besieges Athens, Cleophon executed, Corinth and Thebes demand destruction of Athens. 404 Athens capitulates April 25. Theramenes secures terms, prevents total destruction of Athens, Theramenes and Alcibiades are killed. 401 Thucydides, Greek historian, leaves account of "Golden Age of Pericles" and Peloponnesian War at his death (History of the Peloponnesian War). 399 Socrates, Greek philosopher, condemned to death for corrupting youth. 387 Peace of Antalcidas concluded between the Greeks and the Persians. 347 Plato, Greek philosopher, founder of Academy, dies. 342 Aristotle, Greek philosopher, begins teaching Alexander, son of Philip of Macedon. 338 King Philip II of Macedon defeats Athens and Thebes at Battle of Chaeronea August 2 and establishes League of Corinth during winter of 338 BC/337 BC. 336 Alexander succeeds father Philip II, who was assassinated by Pausanias of Orestis. 333 Alexander defeats Persians at Battle of Issus, Oct, but Darius III escapes. 332 Alexander conquers Egypt. 331 at Battle of Gaugamela October 1, Alexander ends Achaemenid Dynasty and conquers Persian Empire. 330 Democritus, Greek philosopher, develops Atomic theory, believes cause and necessity, nothing comes out of nothing. 329 Alexander conquers Samarkand. 327 Alexander invades northern India, but his army is despondent and refuses to march further eastwards. |
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