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Research and practice Two facing pages of the 1543 Epitome by Vesalius, with woodcuts of naked "Adam" and "Eve" figures Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy and histology, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. It differs from physiology in that anatomy is about the morphology of biological structures, while physiology is the way those structures actually work.[1] Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, prosthetists and orthotists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials, and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope. [37] Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems.[1] The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format, in line with modern teaching methods.[38][39] A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by physicians, especially surgeons and doctors working in some diagnostic specialties, such as histopathology and radiology. [40] Academic human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools or teaching hospitals. They are often involved in teaching anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells.[40] Structure Main articles: Outline of human anatomy, Human body, and List of human anatomical features Anatomical chart of blood vessels, showing heart, lungs, liver and kidneys. Vesalius, Epitome, 1543 The major systems of the human body are summarized in the table. Systems of the human body System Function Structures Circulatory system pumping and channelling blood to and from the body and lungs heart, blood, and blood vessels Digestive system digesting and processing food mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus Endocrine system communication within the body using hormones endocrine glands such as hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal body, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, and gonads Immune system fights off infections and infestations leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen and bone marrow Integumentary system covers body, reduces water loss, prevents entry of pathogens skin, hair and nails Lymphatic system transfers lymph between tissues and the blood stream lymph, lymph nodes and lymph vessels Musculoskeletal system muscles provide movement and a skeleton provides structural support and protection muscles, bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Nervous system collecting information from senses, processing it, commanding muscles, glands eyes, ears, semicircular canals, other sensory organs, brain, spinal cord and nerves Reproductive system reproduction female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vulva, vagina, clitoris and breasts; male: testicles, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis Respiratory system breathing and gas exchange pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm Urinary system fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and excretion of urine kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra |
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