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Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere;[25] these correspond to rocks, water, air, and life. Some practitioners include, as part of the spheres of the Earth, the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere. Partial list of the major earth science topics See: List of basic earth science topics Atmosphere Atmospheric chemistry Climatology Meteorology Hydrometeorology Paleoclimatology Biosphere Ecology Biogeography Paleontology Palynology Micropaleontology Geomicrobiology Geoarchaeology Hydrosphere Hydrology Geohydrology Limnology (freshwater science) Oceanography (marine science) Chemical oceanography Physical oceanography Biological oceanography (marine biology) Geological oceanography (marine geology) Paleoceanography Lithosphere or geosphere Geology Economic geology Engineering geology Environmental geology Historical geology Quaternary geology Planetary geology Sedimentology Stratigraphy Structural geology Geography Physical geography Geochemistry Geomorphology Geophysics Geochronology Geodynamics (see also Tectonics) Geomagnetism Gravimetry (also part of Geodesy) Seismology Glaciology Hydrogeology Mineralogy Crystallography Gemology Petrology Speleology Volcanology Pedosphere Soil science Edaphology Pedology Systems Environmental science Geography Human geography Physical geography Gaia hypothesis Others Cartography Geoinformatics (GIS) Geostatistics Geodesy and Surveying NASA Earth Science Enterprise |
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