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Moses was born in Donington near Lincoln. He was educated at Bedford School, University College School, London and Exeter College, Oxford.[1] He was ordained as a priest of the Church of England by Bishop Samuel Wilberforce in 1870. Moses attended his first séance with Lottie Fowler in 1872. Charles Williams and Daniel Dunglas Home were the next mediums he visited. Five months after his introduction to spiritualism, he claimed to have experienced levitation. The automatic scripts of Moses began to appear in his books Spirit Teachings and Spirit Identity.[1] The scripts date from 1872 to 1883 and fill 24 notebooks. All but one have been preserved by the London Spiritualist Alliance. Moses published Psychography. A Treatise on One of the Objective Forms of Psychic or Spiritual Phenomena in 1878. In it, he coins the term "psychography" (from psycho and graphy) for the spiritualist concept of channeling messages from the dead via automatic writing (also known as "independent writing", "direct writing" or "spirit writing"). Moses was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR). Other early members included F. W. H. Myers, Henry Sidgwick and Edmund Gurney. In 1886 and 1887 in a series of publications the SPR exposed the tricks of the medium William Eglinton. Because of this, some spiritualist members including Moses resigned from the SPR.[2] Moses endorsed the spirit photography of Édouard Isidore Buguet, however, Buguet was exposed as a fraud.[3] In 1884, Moses was a founding member, together with Rogers, of the London Spiritualist Alliance, afterwards the College of Psychic Studies.[1] Moses died on 5 September 1892.[1] Reception Moses performed in dark conditions only with a small select circle of friends, he did not allow psychical researchers to attend his séances and refused to be tested.[4] Frank Podmore wrote: It seems reasonable to conclude that all the marvels reported at [Moses] seances were, in fact, produced by the medium's own hands: that it was he who tilted the table and produced the raps, that the scents, the seed pearls, and the Parian statuettes were brought into the room in his pockets: and that the spirit lights were, in fact, nothing more than bottles of phosphorised oil. Nor would the feats described have required any special skill on the medium's part.[5] Moses would also look up obituaries, daily newspapers, biographies or The Annual Register to research the history of deceased people.[5] Joseph McCabe described Moses as a "deliberate impostor" and wrote his apports and all of his feats were the result of trickery.[3] Science historian Sherrie Lynne Lyons wrote that the glowing or light-emitting hands in séances could easily be explained by the rubbing of oil of phosphorus on the hands.[6] Moses was caught twice with a bottle of phosphorus.[7] Moses produced automatic writings but many of his statements about ancient history have proven to be false.[8] Publications Under the pen name "M.A. Oxon", Moses published the following books on spiritualism: Spirit Identity (1879) Psychography (1882) Spirit Teachings (1883) Higher Aspects of Spiritualism (1880) Moses also edited the periodical Light and wrote on spiritualism for Human Nature. William Stainton Moses (1839-1892) was an English cleric and reputed medium. |
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